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The first book to explore the idea and effect of moral injury on veterans, their families, and their communities
Although veterans make up only 7 percent of the U.S. population, they account for an alarming 20 percent of all suicides. And though treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder has undoubtedly alleviated suffering and allowed many service members returning from combat to transition to civilian life, the suicide rate for veterans under thirty has been increasing. Research by Veterans Administration health professionals and veterans’ own experiences now suggest an ancient but unaddressed wound of war may be a factor: moral injury. This deep-seated sense of transgression includes feelings of shame, grief, meaninglessness, and remorse from having violated core moral beliefs.
Rita Nakashima Brock and Gabriella Lettini, who both grew up in families deeply affected by war, have been working closely with vets on what moral injury looks like, how vets cope with it, and what can be done to heal the damage inflicted on soldiers’ consciences. In Soul Repair, the authors tell the stories of four veterans of wars from Vietnam to our current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan—Camillo “Mac” Bica, Herman Keizer Jr., Pamela Lightsey, and Camilo Mejía—who reveal their experiences of moral injury from war and how they have learned to live with it. Brock and Lettini also explore its effect on families and communities, and the community processes that have gradually helped soldiers with their moral injuries.
Soul Repair will help veterans, their families, members of their communities, and clergy understand the impact of war on the consciences of healthy people, support the recovery of moral conscience in society, and restore veterans to civilian life. When a society sends people off to war, it must accept responsibility for returning them home to peace.
- Sales Rank: #118374 in Books
- Brand: Rita Brock
- Published on: 2013-11-05
- Released on: 2013-11-05
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .50" w x 5.49" l, .50 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 176 pages
Features
Review
“Soul Repair is an eloquent, deeply human reminder that war is not just what takes place on a distant battlefield. It is something that casts a shadow over the lives of those who took part for decades afterwards. The stories told by Lettini and Brock are deepened by what the authors reveal about the way the tragic thread of war’s aftermath has run through their own families.”—Adam Hochschild, author of To End All Wars
“Those you send to war may come home with souls unclean and hearts drowning in bitter mistrust. But the need for purification after battle has vanished into the blind spot of our culture. We neither offer it to returning veterans, nor remember that we—for whose sake, in whose name, our soldiers went to war—need purification with them. Potent challengers of conventional thinking, rich in heart, those who speak here are voices you will not forget.”—Jonathan Shay, MD, PhD, author of Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming
"Very important and deeply moving. I strongly recommend it.”—James H. Cone, author of The Cross and the Lynching Tree
“Soul Repair is stunning, just beautiful. Riveting. This is not just a breakthrough book, it is a breakthrough moment, the kind of work that makes history shift and emotions adjust. It restores balance and reclaims life.”—Amir Soltani, author of Zahra’s Paradise
"Eloquent and unflinching discourse on war's problematic moral core."—Publishers Weekly
About the Author
Rita Nakashima Brock is research professor and codirector of the Soul Repair Center at Brite Divinity School, Ft. Worth, Texas. She is the author, with Rebecca Ann Parker, of Proverbs of Ashes and Saving Paradise. She lives in Oakland, California.
Gabriella Lettini is Dean of the faculty and Aurelia Henry Reinhardt Professor of Theological Ethics and Studies in Public Ministry at Starr King School for the Ministry–Graduate Theological Union. She lives in Berkeley, California.
From the Hardcover edition.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
From the Introduction
To violate your conscience
is to commit moral suicide.
Rev. German Keizer Jr.,
Colonel and Chaplain, U.S. Army, Ret.
After we send men and women off to war, how do we bring them home to peace?
Obviously distraught, the three people huddled, whispering to each other while they waited patiently at the end of a long line that had formed after Rita’s lecture on moral injury in Houston, Texas. When the two women and the man finally reached her, they said they were from a United Methodist Church. Their words tumbled out on top of each other: “You don’t know how much your lecture meant to us . . . We didn’t know how to help him . . . The suicide was such a shock . . . The whole church is heartbroken . . . We wish we had known about moral injury . . . It makes so much sense . . . Maybe we could have helped him.”
The group’s distress was raw and urgent. Their description was dis- jointed, as if their jumbled memories had not come into focus. When they realized that Rita was puzzled, they filled in some of the details. They explained that the suicide of a young veteran, deeply beloved in their church, was unexpected. The whole church community was reeling and struggling to understand how it had failed him. He was a hero to so many, they said, that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) had sent crisis counselors to a national gathering of veterans meeting at the time of the suicide. After the group explained the impact of the suicide on them and their community, one of the women said, “We want to learn more about moral injury. Our community needs this information. We couldn’t save Clay, but maybe we can help save others.” Within days of Rita’s lecture in April 2011, national media sources reported Clay Warren Hunt’s story. He was a twenty-eight-year-old former marine corporal who earned a Purple Heart serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. He had been active in a suicide-prevention program for vets. Since 2009, he had been a model to other veterans of a successful return home. He married and started college in California; he advo- cated for veterans’ rights and worked in disaster relief. He was being treated for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Then, his marriage ended, he left school, went into treatment for depression, and returned to Houston where he got a job and an apartment in Sugar Land, Texas. On March 31, 2011, he bolted himself in that apartment and shot
himself. Over a thousand people attended his funeral.
Veteran suicides average one every eighty minutes, an unprecedented eighteen a day or six thousand a year. They are 20 percent of all U.S. suicides, though veterans of all wars are only about 7 percent of the U.S. population. Between 2005 and 2007, the national suicide rate among veterans under age thirty rose 26 percent. In Texas—home of the largest military base in the world and the third-highest veteran population—rates rose 40 percent between 2006 and 2009. These rates continue, despite required mental health screenings of those leaving the military, more research on PTSD, and better methods for treating it. Veterans are also disproportionately homeless, unemployed, poor, divorced, and imprisoned. The statistics, however, do not disclose the devastating impact of war on veterans’ families and friends, on their communities, and on other veterans.
The journey home to peace is perilous after war. We can make it less lonely and lethal. The veterans’ stories that unfold in this book describe a wound of war called “moral injury,” the violation of core moral beliefs. The stories reveal the lifelong struggle of veterans to live with its scars, the impact on their families, and the various ways our society can support the recovery of those who experience moral injury.
Moral injury is not PTSD. Many books on veteran healing confuse and conflate them into one thing. It is possible, though, to have moral injury without PTSD. The difference between them is partly physi- cal. PTSD occurs in response to prolonged, extreme trauma and is a fear-victim reaction to danger. It produces hormones that affect the brain’s amygdala and hippocampus, which control responses to fear, as well as regulate emotions and connect fear to memory. A sufferer often has difficulty forming a coherent memory of a traumatic event or may even be unable to recall it. Symptoms include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and dissociation.
Our ability to calm or extinguish fear and process emotions is often impaired by trauma, and a previous history of emotional trauma or a brain injury can make a person more susceptible to PTSD. Dissociative episodes can put sufferers back into experiences of terror and make them lose a sense of the present. They can feel unreasonable fear in ordinary situations or startle at sounds that mimic battle. They may experience a compulsive need to retell stories of terror, to reenact them, and to transfer past fear-inducing conditions to the present. With PTSD, memory erupts uncontrollably and retraumatizes the sufferer, which can make retrieving a coherent memory nearly impos- sible. Clinicians have treatments for PTSD, and such therapies are crucial for those diagnosed with it.
The moral questions emerge after the traumatizing symptoms of PTSD are relieved enough for a person to construct a coherent mem- ory of his or her experience. We organize emotionally intense memo- ries into a story in the brain’s prefrontal cortex, where self-control, planning, reasoning, and decision making occur. The mind creates a pattern from memory fragments stored in various places. Emotions are essential to moral conscience, but until people can construct enough of a coherent narrative to grasp what they did, they cannot evalu- ate it. The brain organizes experiences and evaluates them, based on people’s capacity to think about moral values and feel empathy at the same time.
Marine veteran and philosopher Camillo “Mac” Bica used the term moral injury in his war journals from Vietnam, and, from the per- spective both of warrior and of moral philosopher, he has explored the agony of this inner judgment against himself. Moral injury is the result of reflection on memories of war or other extreme traumatic condi- tions. It comes from having transgressed one’s basic moral identity and violated core moral beliefs.
Moral injury names a deep and old dilemma of war. The moral an- guish of warriors defines much literature about war from ancient times to the present, such as the Greek Iliad and Indian Bhagavad-Gita, both war epics; the Hebrew Psalms; and modern novels and films, such as Catch-22, The Deer Hunter, or Matterhorn. We see discussions of moral injury in current memoirs of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In Packing Inferno: The Unmaking of a Marine, Tyler E. Boudreau, a veteran of Iraq and former Marine officer, reflects on the apparent inability of societies to learn from works of art and history about the torture that war inflicts on the souls of veterans. He concludes that societies have understood war only as much as they really wanted to learn about it and its deeper meaning.
Not everyone was so unable or unwilling to understand, Tyler notes. In Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf portrayed the suicidal anguish after World War I of Septimus Smith as if she were a veteran herself. Tyler reflects on her perceptive depiction:
She was just a writer. That tells me, if nothing else, that the in- formation was there. The capacity to know existed. It wasn’t beyond human understanding. They weren’t too primitive. If Virginia Woolf knew about combat stress, everybody else could have known, too. They did not know because they didn’t want to know.
Still, not even Tyler could face telling the truth about war. After he left the Corps, he worked as a Casualty Assistance Calls Officer (CACO), which required him to call the parents of wounded Marines. He could not bring himself to call soldiers’ families and report hon- estly that, among the wounds they suffered, “your boy is coming home with a broken heart.” Never once was he able to say it, and he regrets it still that he did not.
Moral injury results when soldiers violate their core moral beliefs, and in evaluating their behavior negatively, they feel they no longer live in a reliable, meaningful world and can no longer be regarded as decent human beings. They may feel this even if what they did was warranted and unavoidable. Killing, torturing prisoners, abusing dead bodies, or failing to prevent such acts can elicit moral injury. Handling human remains can be especially difficult; for example, in 2004, Jess Goodell served in the Marine Corps’ first Mortuary Affairs unit in Iraq, which required her to recover and process remains of fallen sol- diers, including drawing their outlines where they had fallen, filling in missing parts in black. In her memoir, Shade It Black: Death and After in Iraq, she describes the devastating aftermath of this work of facing death every day. Seeing someone else violate core moral values or feeling betrayed by persons in authority can also lead to a loss of meaning and faith. It can even emerge from witnessing a friend get killed and feeling survivor guilt. In experiencing a moral conflict, sol- diers may judge themselves as worthless; they may decide no one can be trusted and isolate themselves from others; and they may abandon the values and beliefs that gave their lives meaning and guided their moral choices. Recently, Veterans Affairs clinicians have begun to conceptualize moral injury as separate from PTSD and as a hidden wound of war.
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
Wonderful on Moral Injury; Not so helpful on Repair and Recovery
By Sean Levine
As a description of moral injury, this text stands out among the best. The stories recounted fill the category "moral injury" with real meaning; meaning that you can feel as you read the text. This book represents an unparalleled glimpse into an increasingly valued vista of public discourse in regard to war and the drastic cost of sending people to fight it. If you seek an entry into this conversation that will resonate to your core, read this book.
My criticism of this text centers on the fact that the book focuses on moral injury in an age of war, but does not, in any adequate way, deal with "soul repair" or "recovering from moral injury after war." I agree wholeheartedly that Christian (and other religious) communities should be places of grace for our veterans (p. 108), and I agree that "soul repair is how we hold on to our own humanity and how, at the same time, we can face the unbearable truths of who we can be in war" (p. 115). However, these "awarenesses," as important as they may be, do not constitute substantial avenues of approach to the complex question of bringing healing to the wounded soul of the warrior. Thus, I was somewhat disappointed not to find a more organized discussion about soul repair and recovery. Not that this is an easy subject matter to discuss or systematize, but it stands out on the cover of the book as the project of the text, and I am not clear that the book ever gets there.
Still, in regard to the outstanding experiences that of real people that have come from the "Truth Commission on Conscience in War" (a session of which I was privileged to attend at Riverside Church in New York City) that awaits the reader of this text, this book is a gem. The critique of the Army's "Comprehensive Soldier Fitness" program is both exquisite and totally accurate: as an Army Chaplain, I could not have said it any better. This book puts into words and personal stories exactly what I have seen as a Chaplain deployed twice to Iraq and twice to Afghanistan. What a tremendous contribution this book is in terms of telling the story of the wounded and disenfranchised in our armed forces and in terms of openly discussing the lies that so often lead to the sending of America's warriors into combat. This book is one of the best windows into what the conscientious men and women of our military have experienced as war-fighters and the moral injuries they have endured. I highly recommend a reading of this text!
17 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Good info
By Lynne Angela Santiago
As a mental health professional working with military veterans who have attempted suicide I am very interested in the concept of moral injury. I found the book interesting and informative. But from the start there seemed to be implied that moral injury issues can not be addressed by mental health professionals, but better addressed by ministers/pastoral counselors. Writers also referred frequently to the current conflicts as an "unjust war", putting their own bias into the mix. Not all warriors believe the war was "unjust" yet they could develop moral injury. There are many ways a soldier may develop moral injury and religion may have nothing to do with it. I appreciate the dialog though as I am very happy we are finally talking about guilt and shame.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Moral wounding... for those who can not trust help
By Innocent Bystander
This is really conceptual ground breaking.... perhaps it needs expansion and refinement. Anyone who has worked with veterans has recognized that a huge amount of energy goes into simply trying to build trust. And that trust may slip away from on encounter to the next. It like each conversation is the first one. Plowing the same ground again and again. The trust factor just doesn't stick. I sent a copy of this to a beat cop in a big dirty city with lots of homeless veterans. His street experience convinced him that "they don't want to be helped". He transferred out of the assignment - it was too painful he said. I sent the book because it is a matter or trying to help someone learn to trust again. Some Veterans are stuck in their own Good Fridays, betrayal of trust that shakes the core.
Moral wounding actually comes in lots of forms... the trusted relative who sexually abuses, the officer who arrests someone because he can, the guy who spends years in prison until DNA gets him his freedom. This is a ground breaking book --- the merit of which will only come when it is expanded to a discussion of the many forms Moral Wounding takes.
I have given copies of this book to social workers who have struggled to serve the morally wounded, the rape victim, the battered wife who can't get a restraining order, the veteran who really wants to sleep under the bridge because he does trust the shelters. Betrayal of trust by people who are responsible for your safety, and basic well being --- cripples the ability not only to seek help but also to remain in healing helping relationship.
to explore moral wounding in a non-military context consider Trauma and Grace: Theology in a Ruptured World
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